Lactose intolerance – causes, symptoms and treatment
Lactose intolerance is a common digestive disorder in which the body has difficulty breaking down the sugar known as lactose, which is present in milk and dairy products. Here is the key information about lactose intolerance.
Causes
The cause of lactose intolerance is a deficiency of the enzyme lactase in the small intestine. Lactase is normally responsible for splitting lactose into simpler sugars that the body can absorb. A lack of lactase causes undigested lactose to reach the large intestine, where it is fermented by bacteria.
There are various causes of lactose intolerance, which are explained below:
Primary lactose intolerance
Primary lactose intolerance is the most common form and usually appears in adulthood. It is genetically determined and results from a natural decline in lactase production after childhood. In most people worldwide, lactase production decreases over time, which can lead to the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
Secondary lactose intolerance
Secondary lactose intolerance occurs as a consequence of damage to the small intestinal mucosa. Possible causes include:
- Gastrointestinal infections that temporarily damage the small intestinal mucosa.
- Celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder in which the body cannot tolerate gluten and which also leads to damage of the small intestinal mucosa.
- Inflammatory bowel diseases such as Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis, which can affect the small intestinal mucosa.
- Radiation therapy or abdominal surgery that can lead to damage of the small intestine.
Congenital lactose intolerance
Less common is congenital lactose intolerance, which is due to genetic defects. In this form, the enzyme lactase is completely absent from birth, so the body cannot break down lactose. This form of lactose intolerance is extremely rare and typically appears in the first weeks of life.
Primary lactase deficiency
Primary lactase deficiency refers to a reduced lactase level in the small intestine that does not necessarily cause symptoms. This condition can occur in some people without them actually experiencing the symptoms of lactose intolerance.
Symptoms
The symptoms of lactose intolerance can vary, but they usually occur after consuming dairy foods. The most common symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, nausea and sometimes vomiting. The severity of symptoms can vary according to individual tolerance to lactose.
Digestive complaints
One of the most common symptoms of lactose intolerance is digestive problems. Because lactose cannot be properly digested by the body, it reaches the large intestine and can be broken down there by bacteria, producing gas and causing bloating. Diarrhea, abdominal pain and nausea may also occur.
Skin problems
Some people with lactose intolerance report skin issues such as itching, rashes or eczema. These symptoms are, however, uncommon and it is not clear why lactose intolerance is associated with them.
Fatigue and headaches
Some people with lactose intolerance also report fatigue and headaches after consuming lactose-containing foods. It is unclear why these symptoms occur and whether they are directly related to lactose intolerance.
Other symptoms
There are also a number of less common symptoms that may be associated with lactose intolerance. These include weight loss, anemia, mood swings and joint pain.
It is important to note that the symptoms of lactose intolerance can also be due to other conditions or intolerances. Therefore it is important to consult a physician to obtain an accurate diagnosis.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of lactose intolerance can be made using various methods, including a lactose tolerance test in which the patient consumes a specified amount of lactose and is then monitored for symptoms and the body’s ability to metabolize lactose. There are also other tests such as the hydrogen breath test or stool test to assess lactose digestion in the body.
Treatment
Treatment of lactose intolerance primarily involves reducing or avoiding the consumption of dairy foods. However, there are many lactose-free products on the market that provide alternatives for people with lactose intolerance. Lactase supplements can also be taken to compensate for the body’s lactase deficiency and facilitate lactose breakdown.
Lactose intolerance cannot be cured, but there are various ways to manage symptoms and ensure a balanced diet.
Lactose-free or low-lactose products
One way to manage lactose intolerance is to switch to lactose-free or low-lactose products, which are specifically produced to reduce or remove lactose content. They are available in most supermarkets and include lactose-free milk, yogurt, cheese and other dairy products.
Here are some of the most common lactose-free products available on the market:
Lactose-free milk
Lactose-free milk is a popular alternative to conventional cow’s milk. It is produced by adding the enzyme lactase, which splits lactose into glucose and galactose. Lactose-free milk has the same taste and consistency as regular milk and can be used as a substitute in most recipes.
Lactose-free yogurt
Lactose-free yogurt is made from lactose-free milk and contains the enzyme lactase. It therefore provides a good source of probiotic bacteria and can be a healthy option for people with lactose intolerance. There are various flavors and varieties to choose from, including plain yogurt and fruit yogurt.
Lactose-free cheese
Lactose-free cheese is made from milk in which lactose has been enzymatically broken down in advance. As a result, it contains only very small amounts of lactose or is completely lactose-free. There are various types of lactose-free cheese, including Cheddar, Mozzarella, Gouda and many others.
Lactose-free cream and butter
For people with lactose intolerance there are also lactose-free cream and butter. These products are typically made from lactose-free milk and can therefore be used as substitutes in recipes that require conventional cream or butter.
Lactose-free ice cream
When it comes to sweet treats, people with lactose intolerance do not have to forgo ice cream. There is a wide selection of lactose-free ice cream varieties on the market, including vanilla, chocolate, strawberry and many other flavors.
The availability of lactose-free products varies by region and store. Supermarkets that specialize in allergy-friendly products therefore often have a larger selection of lactose-free options. It is also possible to order lactose-free products online.
Lactase supplements
Lactase supplements are tablets or capsules that contain the enzyme lactase. They can be taken before or during a meal to support the breakdown of lactose in the digestive system. These supplements can help reduce the symptoms of lactose intolerance and enable affected individuals to consume lactose-containing foods to a limited extent.
Individual tolerance thresholds
Individuals with lactose intolerance respond differently to lactose. Some people can tolerate small amounts of lactose without symptoms, while others are sensitive to even minimal quantities. It is important to know individual tolerance thresholds and adjust the diet accordingly.
It is advisable to consult a physician or dietitian to obtain an accurate diagnosis and recommendations for managing lactose intolerance. They can assist in creating an individual dietary plan and in selecting suitable alternatives.
Dietary adjustment
People with lactose intolerance need to adapt their diet to reduce lactose intake. Milk and dairy products can be replaced by lactose-free alternatives such as almond milk, soy milk, or lactose-free milk. It is also important to read labels and watch for hidden sources of lactose in processed foods.
Conclusion
It is important that people with lactose intolerance adjust their diet accordingly and reduce or avoid lactose-containing foods. If in doubt or if symptoms are severe, it is advisable to consult a physician to obtain an accurate diagnosis and identify the appropriate treatment.